Drawing and Painting Media :: Art

Drawing and Painting Media Pencils Are Ace:- Pencils are classified by their hardness (H) and Blackness (B) and range from 9H to 9B. An HB pencil is in the middle as it’s both hard and black, and is good for general sketching. A harder pencil (like a 2H) is better for precise, technical drawings as it won’t smudge so easily. 1) Pencils are made from a mixture of graphite (a form of carbon) and clay. 2) Coloured pencils come in a range of colours and a variety of hardnesses. The softer ones are best for laying even, flat colour and are less likely to break. Inks, Paints, Pastels, Dry-transfer Lettering†¦ Also Ace:- 1) Inks are pigments suspended in water or solvent. They’re good for colour infilling, background washes and writing. 2) Gouache is a type of opaque paint, which is ideal for producing flat areas of colour, or highlights on renderings (e.g. coats of plaster, mortar, etc.). 3) Pastels come in two varieties – oil and chalk. Chalk pastel is particularly good for producing backgrounds on renderings, or adding tone and shading. It’s easily blended using your fingers or cotton wool. 4) Dry-Transfer lettering is applied with pressure from a waxed translucent sheet onto drawings or prototype models. It comes in various typefaces, sizes, styles and colours. Airbrushes Blow A Mist Of Ink:- 1) Airbrushes blow a fine mist of ink from a reservoir onto an image area, using compressed air from a compressor or a ‘power pack’ (can of compressed air). 2) It’s a time-consuming medium – you have to mask all the areas you don’t want to airbrush using a low tack clear film and a craft knife. Plus you need loads of practice to do it well. 3) You can get really great photo-realistic results, if you know what you’re doing. There are excellent examples of airbrushing on various record/CD sleeves, posters and adverts. 4) Airbrushing effects can also be achieved with some computer packages, e.g. Adobe Photoshop. Felt Pens And Markers – Water-Based Or Spirit-Based:- Water-based pens aren’t suitable for large areas because they dry quickly and leave streaks. 1) Fine-liners come in a variety of thicknesses and colours. They’re great for outlining drawings.

Brian B. and The Medical File Test Essay

Brian B. is taken into an exam room in the office of Dr. K. by the medical assistant, Amy. Amy gets into an animated discussion with Brian about their mutually favorite baseball team. As Amy leaves the exam room, she accidentally places Brian’s medical file on the counter. While Brian waits for Dr. K., he reads through his file folder. He is shocked to discover that his recent test for AIDS came back positive. Brian panics and runs out of the office before seeing Dr. K. The doctor tries to reach Brian by phone but there is no answer. Dr. K. then sends a letter marked â€Å"Confidential† to Brian and explains that he must be treated for his disease and also needs to inform his sexual partners about his disease. Brian does not respond to the letter. Question What else can Doctor K. do to meet his obligation to report a communicable disease? In dealing with outbreaks of communicable diseases, Doctor K. should work with public health authorities to promote the use of interventions that achieve desired public health outcomes with minimal infringement upon individual liberties. In implementing such measures, Doctor K should take necessary actions to promote the patients’ well-being. In addition, Doctor K should also be responsible for taking appropriate precautionary measures to protect the health of individuals caring for patients with communicable diseases. Physicians are ethically obligated to safeguard patients’ privacy and should not reveal confidential communications or information without the express consent of the patient, unless required to do so by law.24 Therefore, physicians must comply with legal requirements to report affected patients to appropriate public health authorities.

Forgiveness and Compassion Theme in The Sunflower On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2157 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Forgiveness Essay Did you like this example? Should criminals involved in mass crimes be forgiven? This is the difficult question with different answers that many ponder. Simon Wiesenthal investigates this question along with other authors in the The Sunflower. Simon was in a Nazi concentration camp during World War 2. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Forgiveness and Compassion Theme in The Sunflower: On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness" essay for you Create order One day during his imprisonment, he was sent to remove waste from a German army hospital, where he was then called over to the bedside of a soldier. The SS soldier, Karl, was mortally wounded and was dying. The soldier asked for Simon, because he needed someone of the Jewish faith to confess to. Karl asked for forgiveness from Simon when he confessed and repented his evil doings of murdering a mass number of people by burning a building and shooting at anyone who tried to escape. While Simon listened to Karls confession, he was fighting with his mind the matter of forgiveness. After Karls confession, Simon did not give Karl an answer if he forgave him, instead, Simon walked out silently. From that day forward, Simon presses the issue of forgiveness. While some argue that we should strive for compassion and understanding to forgive, others believe that we shouldnt forgive, because to forgive you must forget. I can understand both viewpoints. I believe that forgiveness is a personal de cision and is up to the individual and circumstances. By not forgiving, it will ensure that the same crimes will not be repeated, because perpetrators wont take advantage of forgiveness and will learn from their actions. By forgiving, the actions of the perpetrator will not turn the victim into bitterness and the memories will be permanent notes to not repeat the same crimes, because victims can use their memories as knowledge and let go. Some may argue that we should show compassion and forgive criminals of mass crime, such as the crimes committed by the Nazis during the Holocaust. The act of compassion is showing pity for others while understanding that theyre fully responsible for their actions. We all have an innate ability to show compassion and understanding which empowers us to let go of self-righteous feelings of resentment to forgive. Dith Pran says in The Sunflower that, The key to forgiveness is understanding (Pran 232). Pran suggests that in order for us to forgive, we m ust understand. Understanding the position and conscience of the perpetrator allows one to be liberated from the negative feelings that can oppress one; which allows one to forgive. Showing compassion or forgiving doesnt reprimand ones actions, instead, it brings awareness. With awareness and new understanding, one will find healing, the ability to forgive, and a great strength of compassion. While arguing that we should forgive, Matthieu Ricard in The Sunflower states that, The notion of a stable and autonomous self is, from the Buddhist point of view, itself the source of inner poisons such as hatred, obsession, pride, and jealousy, for it divides us from others and prevents us from being more compassionate (Ricard 235). Ricard emphases that not forgiving will allow negative beliefs to manifest in us, which prevents us from being compassionate and forgiving. When we forgive, we become truly compassionate about the pain of those who have inflicted pain. Ricard also states that true compassion has to accept all things and everyone, even the righteous and the guilty, and the friend and the enemy (Ricard 235). Ricard is saying that we should show compassion and forgiveness for everyone, so that everyone and everything has the opportunity to be refined from pain and suffering to good. Forgiveness is a deep and personal process, but with compassion, forgiveness can be offered to everyone. Many people argue that we should not forgive perpetrators of mass crimes. Many say that to forgive, you must forget all the wrongdoings made. This excuses and dismisses the crimes, and the suffering made by the perpreptor, which is unacceptable. Sven Alkalaj says in The Sunflower that forgetting crimes is worse than forgiving, because forgetting belittles the humanity that vanished in the atrocities (Alkalaj 102). Alkalaj suggests that by forgetting the injus tices, such as the ones that the Jewish people received, it would disparage the sufferings and trauma that one has beared. It is hard to visualize that anyone would be capable of forgiving the suffering and inhumanity endured by the victims of the Nazis. Moshe Bejski claims in The Sunflower that, Such an act of mercy would have been a kind of betrayal and repudiation of the memory of innocent victims who were unjustly murdered, among them, the members of his family (Bejski 115). Bejski conveys that showing pity for the criminals involved is not only impertinent to the victims and their family; but it would cause us to forget the killings and tortures committed. We cannot forgive if the memories of the atrocity continues to haunt and enslave the victims. Bejski also states, The survivors have been sentenced to bear their pain and sadness to the grave. Without forgetting there can be no forgiving (Bejski 116). Bejski is saying we should not forgive, because survivors are given a life sentence of trauma and pain that cannot be rehabilitated or healed. The crimes carried out will remain in the victims, and their loved ones minds forever. These viewpoints provide ample evidence on whether to grant forgiveness. Some say that we should forgive to show compassion and understanding. While the other side recognizes that we shouldnt forgive, because we would have to discard all sufferings. I can acknowledge both sides of the argument and believe that forgiveness is up to the individual and how they feel. Although, a part of me argues that we should show compassion and forgive criminals of mass crimes, a part of me believe we should not. Perpetrators who were forgiven have a possibility of exploiting and abusing what was granted to them and not learning from their mistakes. Therefore that would dismiss the atrocity, because there is no real consequence. In The Sunflower Robert McAfee Brown points out that, If we forgive, it will be a sign to those in the future that they can act without fear of punishment, and that the universe has a moral escape valve labeled forgiveness that permits evil not only to survive but to thrive (Brown 121). Others need to know that if one commits a crime, there will be consequences. Punishment for crimes will set an example for others not to commit crimes. If we allow criminals to escape punishment, it will be an injustice for the victims. The victims of perpetrators would have to suffer with the trauma, while the perpetrators are granted to move on. In th e case for the Nazis, many of them were not brought to justice and continued living their lives, while 17 million people, including 6 million Jews, lost theirs. Moshe Bejski states that the number of Nazi criminals being brought to justice is decreasing, which leave thousands of Germans involved in committing genocide and crimes to return to their quiet, peaceful homes and lives without feeling remorse or a troubled conscience (Bejski 116). Bejski is highlighting how we should not forgive criminals who have committed mass crimes, because they do not deserve forgiveness. Perpetrators show no remorse during and after committing heinous crimes, therefore it would be hard to show compassion and grant them forgiveness. Primo Levi states in The Sunflower that, When an act of violence or an offense has been committed it is forever irreparable (Levi 191). Levi shows that when such destruction has been done, it cannot be undone. The actions made by perpetrators cannot be repaired or forgotte n and for that reason, we should not grant forgiveness to criminals of mass crimes. Although, some say that to forgive you must forget, I argue that we should forgive, but no forget. Criminals and victims must remember the actions done to ensure that crimes and atrocities dont reoccur. By forgiving, we are letting go of the anger and hatred that holds us down. By remembering, we are making sure the wrongdoing doesnt occur again. In The Sunflower Mary Gordon states that, Forgiveness can, of course, be good for both sides, but forgetting almost never is, first because it is a form of denial, and second because only a recognition of guilt by both sides can begin to prevent repetition of the same heinous deed (Gordon 152). Gordon emphasizes that forgiveness is good for us, but we should never forget, because it is a form of denial and we should make a permanent note of the penitence from both sides to prevent the same destructive actions from happening again. Nothing can change the memory the victim holds within their minds, because the crime has already been done; so the best thing to do is learn from that memory and forgive. In The Sunflower Matthew Fox states that, One should forgive†but not out of altruism but out of the need to be free to get on with ones life†but we ought not forgetSimon did not forgetHis story prevents our forgetting (148). Fox highlights how we should forgive, but not forget so that our stories, just like Simons, can be learned from and reminders for others not to allow the same mistakes to happen. Remembering is essential, because it allows us to have the past knowledge in knowing what to do, so that mistakes arent repeated. Robert McAfee Brown says that the phrase never forget is a clear lesson and if we do forget there will be a time where worst atrocities will occur against anyone by ones who wish to destroy power (Brown 121). Brown is saying that we have to remember crimes because there may be a period in the future where worst monstrosities will occur. If a worst monstrocity is in the works in the future, well have our memories and others stories to help overcome it. Forgetting is not good for us, as memories are who we are. Memories are a way of moving forward and granting forgiveness. Additionally, forgiveness is something we should all strive for to move forward. We should forgive to expel all the hatred and bitterness that we hold with us. By holding on to the hatred, resentment, and bitterness, we are only hurting ourselves. You can see forgiveness as something to benefit yourself rather than the perpetrator. Forgiveness lets perpetrators know that their actions were hateful, but you dont carry the hatred for them so you can better yourself. Forgiveness allows one to define themselves rather than allow the perpetrator to define them. In The Sunflower Harold S. Kushner recalls a conversation with a woman were he states, Im asking you to forgive because he doesnt deserve the power to live in your head and turn you into a bitter, angry woman (Kushner 185). Kushner is saying that no one deserves the ability to turn you into something evil. Anger and bitterness from not forgiving puts heavy weights on us and hold us back. Ricard states that, For the victim, forgiven ess is a way of transforming his own grief, resentment, or hatred into good (Ricard 236). Ricard shows that forgiveness is a kind of transformation, it can turn one from anger and hate into good and happiness. We shouldnt let grudges and hatred define us or create new pain. Forgiving can be a way for one to cope with their trauma, because it helps the victims move on. Kushner express how forgiveness represents letting go of grievance and the role of victim (186). Kushner indicates that we should forgive to not only let go of resentment, but to also let go of defining ourselves as the victim. Victims will always be suffers of crimes committed against them, but they dont have to let that determine them or their future. Granting forgiveness relieves the heaviness of the past and gives us the opportunity to move toward to greatness.To sum up, many people have different opinions on whether to grant forgiveness to those who have committed mass crimes. Forgiveness is a personal and deep choice, therefore there are no right or wrong answers to granting forgiveness. Some may say that we should aim for compassion and understanding to always grant forgiveness for everyone, including those who have commited mass crimes. Others will say that we should never forgive perpetrators of mass crimes, because they dont deserve it and we will forget their wrongdoings. I understand both viewpoints and argue for both sides. By not forgiving, perpetrators wont abuse the power of forgiveness and will learn from their actions. This is significant, because this will ensure that the same crimes wont be repeated in the future. By forgiving, victims will let go of the resentment and hatred, but will not forget the injustice an d sufferings inflicted. This is important, because one must not let the actions of perpetrators turn them into bitterness and should allow the memories to be preserved so crimes dont repeat themselves. Forgiveness could be circumstantial, but in the end, it is up to the individuals decisions on whether to forgive.

Evaluate the View That Operation Barbarossa Was the Major...

Evaluate the view that Operation Barbarossa was the major turning point of the European War. As the European War progressed, early German advances and gains were decreasing by the mid-years of the war as it became evident the tide was turning against the Axis powers and in favour of the Allies. Operation Barbarossa and the entire Russian campaign can be seen as one significant turning point that helped to change the course of the war and yet it can be argued that this was not the sole and most major turning point. The Battle of Britain in the air war and the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa have also been labeled as turning points in the war due to their significance and the contribution they have equally played, along with Operation†¦show more content†¦Undoubtedly, the air war had a significant impact on the course and outcome of the war and so in particular the Battle of Britain can be labeled as another turning point. Hitler knew that Britain would have to be dealt with as their operation could hinder German’s plans to takeover Eastern Europe and so h e proposed a plan for Operation Sea-Lion, to invade Britain. For this to be possible however, Hitler knew that Germany needed to have control of the air which under Goering, the Luftwaffe attempted to do. From July to August in 1940, major raids and attacks were undertaken on parts of Britain such as an airfield used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and anywhere else of significant economic or military importance to Britain. In late August the RAF responded to these attacks by launching a minor attack on Berlin and despite the fact that the German command was running out of aircraft and pilots, Hitler in fury ordered the Luftwaffe to switch its attack from airfields to London itself. In the Battle of Britain Germany lost over 1200 planes whereas the RAF had only lost 688, Germany failing to gain air superiority. This was due to several reasons, mostly attributed to the superior skills of the RAF over the Luftwaffe. The RAF was fighting over home territory which meant they could easily r efuel as opposed to the Luftwaffe, RAF pilots also showed immense skill and courage. Taylor

Stay At Home Mothers Or Working Mothers - 920 Words

STAY AT HOME MOTHERS OR WORKING MOTHERS 1. Introduction When a child is born into a family and one also have to look for the household expenses such as a mortgage, one needs to choose between either continuing working full time or staying at home. Statistics show that the number of working mothers is declining and trends are shifting to stay-at-home mothers. Employment figures for married mothers with children under the age of 6 have declined about 7% to 10% since the peak years of 1997 to 2000, depending on the income group. Overall, the work participation rate for all women dropped 1.5% from 2000 to 2004, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This is significant because, for four decades, women s labor participation rates consistently increased from 40.8% in 1970 to 57.5% in 2000. In a 2005 study, the U.S. Census Bureau reported around 5.6 million stay-at-home moms. This is a 22% rise from 1994. In the past, women were encouraged to work however now it is considered more of a status to sit at home with kids. (WebMD, [no date]) 2. Working mothers 2.1. Benefits Though the kids are important for the mother, she will also want to have a career, connect with the community at large and need intellectual stimulation. The child in day care will have a lot of other kids and the babysitter around. This will make him/her learn doing things for himself/herself better, earlier and easier. (parenting, ([no date]) 2.2. Drawbacks Probably the motherShow MoreRelatedWorking Mother Vs. Stay-At-Home Mother1800 Words   |  8 Pagestheir home. Mothers have reasons for their choices, whether it’d be staying at home or continuing to work following the birth of their child; the choices they make can have different effects on everything around them, from the development of her child to their very own mental health. In the United States, financial necessity has been the general reason in which women have decided to work (Siegel and Hass 523). Many of us know how expensive raising a child can be which is why many mothers decideRead MoreThe Dissimilarity Between Working Mother And Stay Home Mother1487 Words   |  6 PagesSang Min Yue Professor Dr. Rosalyn Jacobs ENGL 1102 24, April 2016 â€Å"The Dissimilarity between Working Mother and stay home Mother† During the early years of the 1900’s most women were not allowed to work, they also did not have any rights to vote. All the women during these times could only stay inside the house and take care of the familial duties and chores. Women were primarily cooking meals, cleaning inside the house, and also taking care of their own child. On the other hand, most ofRead More Stay-At-Home vs. Working Mothers743 Words   |  3 Pages Mothers play an important role in a child’s life. Whether it is being present when the baby takes their first step, or being in the crowd for the childs first recital. Two different types of mothers have evolved in society. One is a stay-at-home mother. These mothers take care of the children while the husband makes a living for the family. Working mothers go to work everyday to provide a living (like the husband), and are also expected to take care of the children once home. Stay-At-Home mothersRead MoreChildren of Working Mothers vs. Stay At Home Mothers and Their Effects1102 Words   |  5 PagesChildren of Working Mothers vs. Stay At Home Mothers and Their Effects Looking back at the past there have been women struggling for equal rights throughout the United States of America this includes the right to work or stay at home with their children. Ever since women started working the argument has been forthcoming over mothers who work and those who stay home with their children. One concern is what differences, if any, are there in children who are raised by stay-at-home moms and working moms. ThisRead MorePositive And Negative Influences Of Working And Stay At Home Mothers On Children1308 Words   |  6 PagesPositive and Negative Influences of Working and Stay-at-home Mothers on Children A child needs stable family connections with the nurturing presence of their parents, particularly their mother. Childhood is the most impersonating time of a person’s life which either makes or breaks a person. A mother is the direct source of influence and her ability to form a bond provides paternal security and nurturing children’s needs by a constant guidance throughout. There are several factors, situations, conditionsRead MorePositive And Negative Influences Of Working And Stay At Home Mothers On Children1409 Words   |  6 PagesInfluences of Working and Stay-At-Home Mothers on Children Are children better off if mothers stay at home to take care of them? Recently, whether mother should stay home taking care of children or work as normal have been argued a lot, Some mothers may rather choose stay at home and take the traditional homemaker role. Others may prefer to work outside home to meet her full personal potential. There can be both positive and negative effects of working mothers on their children. While working mothers canRead MoreHome Mothers And Working Mothers1684 Words   |  7 Pages The participants included two working mothers and two stay-at-home mothers within the ages of 20-35. All the participants I found were close friends or acquaintances but the hardest part was to find stay at home mothers. The method used for my research was interview questions. I asked five questions for each mother, two separate sets of questions for stay-at-home mothers and working mothers. The first participant was a thirty-two year old, full-time working mother who is also currently enrolledRead More Battle of the Moms Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesalways be a battle between working mothers and stay at home mothers, and the debate has always been controversial. Although there are many factors that differentiate children raised by a stay at home mother and a working mother, there is no right way on how to raise a child. The differences between both moms have both positive and negative characteristics but neither one can be said to be the correct way on raising a child. A â€Å"r ight way† does not exist. WHY WORKING MOTHERS WORK? â€Å"In the United StatesRead MoreWorking Mothers Essays1626 Words   |  7 PagesWorking Mothers Carrie Grubb Axia College of University of Phoenix Working Mothers In previous generations, women had one role to accomplish; to care for their children. As mothers, women were required to play the role of June Cleaver. Mothers need to care for the children and keep the home in smooth working order. After many protests, women wanted to empower their equal rights, and become career women. Thanks to women’s perseverance, today women are able to work, and be just as qualifiedRead MoreBenefits of Being a Working Mother Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesMen and women are working harder than ever to survive in todays tough economy. Its a big challenge for low and middle class families to survive. To meet growing demands, its getting difficult for families to depend on one income. To contribute to family income, mothers are coming forward and joining the workforce. Working mothers are the one who takes care of the family and work outside the home. They may be a single mothers or married mothers. Working mothers usually work to support their family

Electronic Gadgets to Students Studying Habits free essay sample

Identify the reasons why they use such gadget 3. Identify the factors affecting students to use gadgets 4. Recognize the importance of balancing study habits and usage of electronic gadget Objectives of the study The research aims to accomplish the following: * Determine the specific reason why Electronic Gadget affects students studying habits * Determine the positive and negative effects of Electronic gadget to students * Show the consequences of excessive use of Electronic gadgets to students * Give the students an advice on how to control their use of electronic gadget Significance of the Study To students. The study will be significant to students that excessively use their gadgets to the point that they are addicted to it. It can be a guide to them on how to control the usage of their said gadgets. To parents. For them to control their children in making such decision in excessively using their gadgets. To teachers. The study will help teachers to understand the students better. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Gadgets to Students Studying Habits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By this study they will come up on how to manage such students. Scope and Limitations This study would be focusing only on the effects of various electronic gadgets to 2nd year Information Technology Students and the factors that make them utilize the gadgets. This would make use of questionnaires that would be given to the students of the university. The students that would be given the questionnaires would total to two hundred (200) respondents. Conceptual Framework This study focuses on the effects of various electronic gadget which will also serve as the independent variable and the effect on it on the studying habits of a 2nd year Information Technology student which act as the dependent variable. Gadgets are invariably considered to be more unusually or cleverly designed than normal technological objects at the time of their invention * Industrial Evolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the  socioeconomic  and  cultural  conditions of the times. * Technology – is the making, usage and knowledge of  tools, techniques, crafts, systems  or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose.

Motivation Essays - Motivation, Human Resource Management, Incentive

Motivation Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort's ability to satisfy some individual needs (Robbins, 168). For some business analysts, employee motivation is a good way to increase productivity in an organization. When people get motivated, they will have a reason to put more efforts on what they are doing. Motivation is a crucial management tool in lifting the organization's work force's ability. There are many different ways to motivate employees. Employers can motivate their workers as individuals, groups, teams, or the organization as a whole. Motivation takes forms like offering rewards, improving working conditions, or employee recognition. However, which approach should employers try? Team-based reward systems have been raised as an issue in work management areas. Many people prefer team-based reward systems to an individual approach. San Diego Business Journal, issued on Oct. 6, 1997, published an article titled "Team-Based Productivity Incentive System." This article summarized the ideas that supported the team-based approach. The author, Bob Harrington, opposed the individual reward system. As he stated, individual reward systems create unnecessary competition and reduce cooperation between employees. It also reduces creativity because employees will only do what is necessary to get rewarded. Moreover, Harrington said team-based incentives influence individuals to work well together and cooperate with one another. No longer are employees and management measured purely against financial information. Instead, outstanding performance is based on a combination of items that measure the strategic objectives of the corporation. This paper will see if the team-based i ncentive systems are the best approach for business environments as Harrington discussed. Medical insurance and educational opportunities, among others are all common benefits in compensation programs for many manufacturers. Many people argued that these benefits attract and retain employees, but have little to do with work performance. Some also believe that if these benefits are spread out among workers in general, these kinds of work incentives will not guarantee good performance. Well Pay vs. Sick Pay is an example of how an incentive program reinforces wrong behavior and reduces productivity. Manufacturers with incentive systems that reward employees for achievements and growth can increase their competitiveness and profitability in today's global market. Yes, it is true that organizations need to have incentive systems to satisfy their work force. Team-based incentive systems such as gain sharing, profit sharing, etc., become increasingly popular in work environments. People now are required to work as a team, and altogether help each other to achieve an objective. Your work is my work, and your responsibility is mine. People will become more cohesive as working in a group or a team. Team-based incentives offer several advantages. However, I do not totally agree with Harrington that individual incentive systems do not have any good influence over workers' performance. Some people are extremely successful when they work on their own. People, who are raised in an individualistic culture, might not benefit from working in a group. So, individual incentive systems do play an important role in increasing a work force's productivity as long as the employers know how to use this reinforcement system properly. If organizations set a standard to measure individual achievement and reward that individual on what he (she) perform, then, the individual incentive system might work as well as the team-based one. Moreover, managers need to realize that team-based incentive systems might cause Social Loafing effect in the work force - the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually (Robbins, 260). Motivations are necessary in a working environment to increase the productivity of the work force. Reward systems must create a win-win situation for employees and employers. Team-based incentive systems might work very well and are a preferred process for many organizations in today's work market; however, managers should adopt individual incentive systems in many cases, when employees are more skillful, efficient, and effective as working individually. The major purpose of the incentive system is to motivate and organize employees.